À Condition Que Takes the French Subjunctive

The phrase à   condition que (provided that)  is one of a long list of what are called French conjunctive phrases, which usually introduce a subordinating clause in a sentence. A conjunctive phrase is a group of two or more words that usually ends in  que  and is often a  subordinating conjunction  linking a subordinating clause to the main clause. Close to half of such conjunctive phrases used  as subordinating conjunctions, including à   condition  que,  require a subjunctive verb to convey their meaning: Je lachà ¨terai à   condition que tu le prennes.Ill buy it provided that you take it. The subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain, such as will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity and judgment. Subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent, or subordinate, clauses introduced by  que  or  qui. Conjunctive Phrases The phrases below with * take a subjunctive verb. Those with ** take the formal, more literary ne explà ©tif, which is a ne  negation without the pas. à   condition que*  Ã‚  provided that afin que*  Ã‚  so that ainsi que  Ã‚  just as, so as alors que  Ã‚  while, whereas à   mesure que  Ã‚  as (progressively) à   moins que**  Ã‚  unless aprà ¨s que  Ã‚  after, when à   supposer que*  Ã‚  assuming that au cas oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in case aussità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as avant que**  Ã‚  before bien que*  Ã‚  although dans lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in the event that de crainte que**  Ã‚  for fear that de faà §on que*  Ã‚  in such a way that de manià ¨re que*  Ã‚  so that de mà ªme que  Ã‚  just as de peur que**  for fear that depuis que  Ã‚  since de sorte que*  Ã‚  so that, in such a way that dà ¨s que  Ã‚  as soon as en admettant que*  Ã‚  assuming that en attendant que*  Ã‚  while, until encore que*  Ã‚  even though jusquà   ce que*  Ã‚  until parce que  Ã‚  because pendant que  Ã‚  while pour que*  Ã‚  so that pourvu que*  Ã‚  provided that quand bien mà ªme  Ã‚  even though/if quoi que*  Ã‚  whatever, no matter what sans que**  Ã‚  without sità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as supposà © que*  Ã‚  supposing tandis que  Ã‚  while, whereas tant que  Ã‚  Ã‚  as long as vu que  Ã‚  seeing as/that Additional Resources The Subjunctivator!Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?Expressions with à  

Bridging Accounting Assignment - 2562 Words

a) Describe the general purpose of the statement of comprehensive income. In addition, explain the terms income and expenses as defined by the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. According to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), an entity shall present its total comprehensive income for an accounting period either in a single statement or two statements where all items of income and expenses recognized in that particular accounting period are presented however for two statements, except those that are recognized in total comprehensive income outside of profit or loss as permitted or required by IFRS. The comprehensive income is a statement inclusive of all income and expenses including revenue, profit and†¦show more content†¦Losses include those resulting from natural disasters and disposal of non-current assets. Losses by definition also include unrealized losses like effects of increases in the exchange rate for a foreign currency from borrowings so when losses are recognized in the income statements, they would usually be displayed distinctly as knowledge of them is useful for purpose of making economic decisions and are often reported net of related income. b) Describe the general purpose of the statement of financial position. In addition, explain the terms asset, liability and equity as defined by the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. The financial position is a statement also known as balance sheet, presents the financial position of an entity at a given date – i.e. as at 31st December 2013. It consists of three main components; assets, liabilities and equity. The statement of financial position facilitates users in assessing the financial soundness of an entity in terms of liquidity risk, financial risk, credit risk and business risk. 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Purchase Intention for Multiplatform Strategies-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePurchase Intention for Multiplatform Strategies. Answer: Develop purchase intention This is the extent to which a brand is worthy of being bought by the customer. It is calculated from the D-score, when the price index is subtracted from the consumer desire. In this case, the warmth and consumers purchase intention significantly influences the purchase intention. Mainly in the selected area, China, one will find very low and elusive brand loyalty. According to the research, competence and brand warmth, due to their well blending with each other, affected the purchase intention positively. Thus, high levels of competence and warmth levels affect the brand benefits beyond individual effects (Kim and Han 2014, pp.256). Key findings The research found that advertisement exposure was both through the online and offline platform. Also, it ascertains that by using multiplatform strategies, salient features of the brand perception is exerted which then affect purchase intention. Some key methods of improving the purchase intention found were enhancing the warmth of the brand and also the perceived competence. Customers will brand a product reliable if it has a high competence and gives them the warmth they need. When a brand is excellent and warm, it can be helpful, sincere and even modest. Also, it has been noted that offline advertisements are cheaper than online advertisements (Imhoff et al. 2013,pp.4). However, the targeted segment and access is quicker than when done offline. Lastly, effects exhibited by these brands are traceable to the advertisement they appear in. This is an important discovery as brands frequently endeavor to distinguish themselves. Reference list Kim, Y.J. and Han, J., 2014. Why smartphone advertising attracts customers: A model of Web advertising, flow, and personalization.Computers in Human Behavior,33, pp.256-269. Imhoff, R., Woelki, J., Hanke, S., and Dotsch, R. (2013). Warmth and competence in your face! Visual encoding of stereotype content.Frontiers in Psychology, 4.

Split Brain Essay Example

Split Brain Essay Throughout history, the brain has been described as the most unique and complex organ in the human body. From the dawn of civilization as we know it, humans have earnestly studied the structures and functions of the brain. Despite their efforts over the centuries, we still know very little. However, due to the early primary research work of two well known biological psychologists, Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga, scholars have obtained some insight into the brain’s characteristics and functions, according to Bridget Dauphin’s online discussion (http://www.xula.edu/xulanexus/issue1/Dauphin.html). Findings from Sperry and Gazzaniga’s research have led to significant theories about the lateralization of brain function in humans. There are various theories hypothesizing that the different hemispheres may have different personalities, different minds and also conflicting action plans.According to Moritz (1986), for example, hemispheric specialization is one of the major characteristics of the brain. This means that the right hemisphere has special cognitive tasks it completes well; and the left hemisphere has special cognitive tasks for which it exerts dominance in terms of processing information. Indeed, based upon the literature in neurobiology, the left side of the brain in humans controls language-related and analytical skills, while the right side dominates the areas associated with non-verbal and non-linguistic stimuli like visual and spatial tasks, pattern recognitions, musical information as well as artistic and emotional expressions. Also it should be noted that the two hemispheres exercise criss-cross lateral functions in the body which is called contralateralization. This refers to the situation in which the left brain controls the right side of the body and the right brain controls the left side (Moritz, 1986).Carlson (1994) also discovered that split-brain studies seem to provide the evidence for the importance of criss-cross com munication between the two hemispheres so that humans can process information successfully. He notes the following, as described on Dauphin’s web site:Although different skills lie primarily within different hemispheres, the importance of communication between the two sides becomes apparent as one delves into the findings of  split-brain research. This research involves studying humans and animals with their left and right hemispheres surgically separated. Such surgeries are not done for experimental purposes in human beings, but, rather, to treat specific brain disorders. For example, some split-brain surgeries have been used to treat life-threatening epilepsy that is unresponsive to drug therapy (http://www.xula.edu/xulanexus/issue1/Dauphin.html).Therefore, based upon the work of these researchers across the world and over the course of time, the term split-brain can be defined as the outcome of a surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum connecting the two hemisphe res of the brain is severed. The general definition found in various studies summarizes the whole split-brain outcome that some patients suffering from severe and violent epileptic seizures become split-brain, through a surgical operation called a corpus callosotomy. Even though it is a rare neurological procedure that is performed, the objective of the neurosurgeon is to decrease the chances of risking death, accidents and physical injuries in the lives of their epileptic patients. Therefore, a corpus callosotomy has been used to control severe and violent epileptic episodes so that affected people do not harm themselves or their families.Neurological Behavior of Split-Brain PatientsIt has been observed that people with a split-brain, when shown an image in their left visual field (the left half of what each eye sees), will be unable to verbalize what they have seen. This inability happens because the left hemisphere controls the speech mechanism in most humans on our planet, and t hus, the picture from the left visual field is sent only to the right hemisphere. Since the two sides of the brain cannot communicate any more owing to the corpus callosum being severed, the patients cannot name what they are seeing. The persons can, however, pick up a corresponding object (one within the left overall visual field) with their left hand, since that hand is controlled by the right side of their brain. This is why some researchers have also speculated that the split-brain patients seem to have two minds, two natures, each hemisphere with its own special goals and unique operations (Cohen 2006: 90).Definition of Brain ComponentsAccording to the Cognitive Psychology Group 212, the following factors describe the major components of the anatomy of the brain, and what happens if those components suffer trauma or injury.Brainstem.   The brainstem is located in the lower part of the brain and controls functions necessary for human life such as breathing, heart rate, and dig estion. It connects with nerve fibers at the bottom of the brain and leads into the spinal cord nervous system.Cerebellum. Also found in the back region of the brain, the cerebellum significantly controls balance and muscle coordination in humans. People who suffer from injuries to this area would most likely experience problems with taking care of themselves and simple walking and physical exercises.Frontal Lobe. Since the frontal lobe is the area primarily responsible for human personality and higher cognitive processing, it is not difficult to understand how damage or injury in this area can result in transformation of people’s personality. The frontal lobe contains two very important sections, the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior section controls the characteristics of one’s personality, whereas the posterior region dominates the execution of motor skills and coordination in humans.Occipital Lobe. Also located in the back of the brain, the occipital lobe assists people in processing the visual information they receive from the environment. Thus, it is not surprising that damage to this region causes people to experience major vision problems and difficulty with recognizing simple objects.Parietal Lobe. The parietal lobe works with human sensation, and, like the frontal lobe, it is divided into two sub-regions. The right parietal lobe is more visual and spatial-oriented. Therefore, any injury to the right lobe would most likely result in the patients experiencing   difficulty with navigating new and even familiar environments. Likewise, any damage to the left lobe, â€Å"which is more sensory oriented, may affect a patient’s language abilities† (Cognitive Psychology 212 Group).Temporal Lobe. Both right and left temporal lobes deal with skill-based tasks associated with humans’ comprehension of language, such as memory, interpretation and processing of auditory input, that is, what we hear in the environment. Th e right lobe has also been described as the component of our brains most concerned with visual memory, whereas the left lobe is most concerned with verbal memory.Corpus Callosum. Notably, the corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain, and sends information between them. So it enables humans to experience life and the environment with all of their diverse stimuli, holistically. However, in the cases of split-brain patients, the connection with the corpus callosum between the two regions would have been cut (Cognitive Psychology 212 Group) causing split-brain people to manifest certain â€Å"unusual† behavior.Background History Research on Split-Brain PatientsMany studies have indicated that when patients initially undergo surgery to sever the connection between the right and left hemispheres, there may be no major changes; however, the findings from several experiments do document significant effects after all. Most experiments, including those done by Sperry, and Gazzangaga, involved flashing a picture to one visual field while blocking the other field. In such studies, researchers would flash a picture to the right eye to be processed by the left side of the brain, and to the left eye to be processed by the right side. Surprisingly, they found that when pictures were flashed to the right side (left brain), the patients had no trouble identifying the object in the picture, but when pictures were flashed to the left side (right brain), patients were unable to see a picture. However, when the patients were instructed to reach behind a screen to pick out the correct item, they always chose the item that had been flashed to their right brain (Cognitive Psychology Group 212).Specifically, for example, Dauphin (2000) also indicates that in the 1960s, â€Å"Roger Sperry had begun conducting split-brain studies.  Initially, he experimented on cats by severing the corpus callosum, the major bundle of axons joining the left and righ t hemispheres of the brain† (http://www.xula.edu/xulanexus/issue1/Dauphin.html). Dauphin advocates that Sperry’s different experiments demonstrated the significant role of the corpus callosum in transferring messages across the brain hemispheres. Two-way communication among superior capacities of the brain, such as perception, memory, and cognition is possible because of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, states Dauphin, Sperry’s research also indicated that without the corpus callosum the brain is like two separate entities, one functioning without awareness of the other (as cited in Moritz, 1986).Looking back, â€Å"one of the first experiments involved flashing a picture of a spoon in the visual field of a patients right hemisphere (not shown to the left hemisphere). The subject was then instructed to select the item he had seen by touching it. With his left hand (controlled only by the right hemisphere in split-brain patients), the person reached behind a scr een to examine several objects by touch and correctly chose the spoon (as cited in Moritz, 1986).However, when asked which item was shown, the patient could not give the correct answer verbally. These results indicated that the right hemisphere contained spatial information and the left hemisphere was the source of language and analytic skills. Because the spoon was not shown to the left hemisphere, the center of language skills, it could not be verbally identified† (as cited in Teyler, 1975).These split-brain researchers have therefore concluded that the left brain in humans must control language since the patients who had seen the pictures flashed on that side could describe the object. Since the right brain does not have a language processing center, patients were unable to produce words describing the object when it was flashed exclusively to that side. But, the right brain still understood the contents of the picture because the patients were able to pick out the object f rom behind the screen when instructed to do so.Split brain patients, therefore, seem somewhat fortunate still because their medical condition of a severed callosum does not hinder their normal lives. Nevertheless, however, many have undergone some major changes soon after the surgery, as certain experiments have already established. â€Å"For the most part, split-brain patients can function normally due to other areas of the brain that assist in communication; however, some problems do surface. In the most extreme cases, the left and right sides of the body come into direct conflict. For example, one patient described his right hand struggling to pull up his pants while his left hand pushed them down. On another occasion, this mans left hand (controlled by the emotional right hemisphere) attempted to strike his wife, while his right hand (controlled by the logical left hemisphere) tried to prevent it† (Springer and Deutsch, 1981).In essence, according to Springer Deutsch (19 81), split-brain patients do report complaints that are not so strange. â€Å"For example, some patients experience difficulties in associating names with faces, which is due to a disconnection between verbal skills and facial recognition skills. Similarly, other patients report difficulties in handling geometrical tasks and may have trouble in geometry classes. Still others complain of a poor memory and a lack of dreaming, but these have not been verified as specifically resulting from split-brain operations.†Springer Deutsch (1981) also believe that even when patients do report problems, the obstacle they complain about seem very subtle. They claim that it should be noted that in addition to the   corpus callosum, there are other mechanisms in the brain â€Å"that provide alternate links between the hemispheres. Also, because both hemispheres generally receive the same visual information, the perception of the world generally comes together as a whole even in split-brai n patients.†Ã‚   Many scientific fields have benefited from Roger Sperry’s work and others in this field. Scholars now have some insight about how brain hemispheric specialization works and how various disorders and conditions can be treated in neurosurgery.   Thus, it was not surprising that in 1981 Roger Perry obtained the Nobel Prize for his experimental work on the split brain.   Perry and others have established that special tasks and functions are specific to a brain domain, either left or right.Summary of the Functions of the Split-BrainHemispheric Specialization.The left and right hemispheres of the brain have specialized functions for most people. The left hemisphere is a language centre while the right hemisphere processes spatial information. These differences are most obvious in those rare individuals whose corpus callosum was surgically severed to help control a severe form of epilepsy. Jonathan Cohen believes that humans’ minds can be described as having a mind of their own separate from mental brain function. At times they think rationally, but then they allow emotional responses to override good judgments (90). He believes that this theory can explain the contradictions so evident in daily life and our perceptions: science versus religion; facts versus intuition, and so forth.Iaccino’s Cognitive Styles Associated with Cerebral Hemispheres________________________________________Left Hemisphere   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Right HemisphereVerbal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonverbal, visuospatialSequential, temporal     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simultaneous, gestaltAnalytic     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SyntheticRational  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IntuitiveWestern thought  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eastern thought________________________________________(James F. Iaccino, 1993: 30)According to James Iaccino (33), clinical studies on split brain patients do seem to demonstrate a dichotomy of hemispheric specialization just as in studies with normal subjects. He advocates that each hemisphere indeed has its own cognitive style as depicted in the table above.This table shows the different functions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. It also displays the functions of the left and right hemisphere. The left brain is better at speaking, writing, mathematical calculations, and reading, and is the primary processing center for language. The right hemisphere, on the other hand, possesses superior capabilities for pattern recognitions: recognizing faces, solving prob lems involving spatial relationships, symbolic reasoning, and artistic activities (33).ConclusionIn summary, it is now known that the right hemisphere controls important nonverbal functions (facial discriminations and musical recognitions), yet, however, it is supported by the left hemisphere, especially in more complex visual and spatial cognitive tasks. The functional asymmetries reported for each of the hemispheres suggest that the cortical differences are mainly ones of relative (rather than absolute) specialization: namely, the left hemisphere is more language-oriented than the right, whereas the right is more visually spatial-oriented than the left. Although relatively specialized for a particular input, each hemisphere still requires the other to complement its overall functioning. Because people with split brains can not combine the information of both hemispheres, their behavior may seem pretty strange to others.The problem that has been observed among split-brain patients was that the two hemispheres of the brain communicate with each other, and if the communication was destroyed then the functions could be handled by one hemisphere better then the two combined. These split-brain experiments proved that there was dominance in each hemisphere of the brain to perform certain tasks. Even though a connected brain can perform the tasks of both sides. They also showed that the brain is capable of performing these tasks even when the corpus callosum has been severed. Although some tasks are performed better when the brain is able to communicate between the hemispheres. Such research findings are helpful to the sciences in many instances. For instance, the split-brain research helps people understand the different parts of the brain, and how they work. Also when injuries occur to the brain, psychologists and neurosurgeons can determine the possible effects on the patients and the changes they could possible undergo. Finally, psychologists will also have a be tter understanding of how the human brain works.