À Condition Que Takes the French Subjunctive

The phrase à   condition que (provided that)  is one of a long list of what are called French conjunctive phrases, which usually introduce a subordinating clause in a sentence. A conjunctive phrase is a group of two or more words that usually ends in  que  and is often a  subordinating conjunction  linking a subordinating clause to the main clause. Close to half of such conjunctive phrases used  as subordinating conjunctions, including à   condition  que,  require a subjunctive verb to convey their meaning: Je lachà ¨terai à   condition que tu le prennes.Ill buy it provided that you take it. The subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain, such as will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity and judgment. Subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent, or subordinate, clauses introduced by  que  or  qui. Conjunctive Phrases The phrases below with * take a subjunctive verb. Those with ** take the formal, more literary ne explà ©tif, which is a ne  negation without the pas. à   condition que*  Ã‚  provided that afin que*  Ã‚  so that ainsi que  Ã‚  just as, so as alors que  Ã‚  while, whereas à   mesure que  Ã‚  as (progressively) à   moins que**  Ã‚  unless aprà ¨s que  Ã‚  after, when à   supposer que*  Ã‚  assuming that au cas oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in case aussità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as avant que**  Ã‚  before bien que*  Ã‚  although dans lhypothà ¨se oà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  in the event that de crainte que**  Ã‚  for fear that de faà §on que*  Ã‚  in such a way that de manià ¨re que*  Ã‚  so that de mà ªme que  Ã‚  just as de peur que**  for fear that depuis que  Ã‚  since de sorte que*  Ã‚  so that, in such a way that dà ¨s que  Ã‚  as soon as en admettant que*  Ã‚  assuming that en attendant que*  Ã‚  while, until encore que*  Ã‚  even though jusquà   ce que*  Ã‚  until parce que  Ã‚  because pendant que  Ã‚  while pour que*  Ã‚  so that pourvu que*  Ã‚  provided that quand bien mà ªme  Ã‚  even though/if quoi que*  Ã‚  whatever, no matter what sans que**  Ã‚  without sità ´t que  Ã‚  as soon as supposà © que*  Ã‚  supposing tandis que  Ã‚  while, whereas tant que  Ã‚  Ã‚  as long as vu que  Ã‚  seeing as/that Additional Resources The Subjunctivator!Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?Expressions with à  

Bridging Accounting Assignment - 2562 Words

a) Describe the general purpose of the statement of comprehensive income. In addition, explain the terms income and expenses as defined by the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. According to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), an entity shall present its total comprehensive income for an accounting period either in a single statement or two statements where all items of income and expenses recognized in that particular accounting period are presented however for two statements, except those that are recognized in total comprehensive income outside of profit or loss as permitted or required by IFRS. The comprehensive income is a statement inclusive of all income and expenses including revenue, profit and†¦show more content†¦Losses include those resulting from natural disasters and disposal of non-current assets. Losses by definition also include unrealized losses like effects of increases in the exchange rate for a foreign currency from borrowings so when losses are recognized in the income statements, they would usually be displayed distinctly as knowledge of them is useful for purpose of making economic decisions and are often reported net of related income. b) Describe the general purpose of the statement of financial position. In addition, explain the terms asset, liability and equity as defined by the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. The financial position is a statement also known as balance sheet, presents the financial position of an entity at a given date – i.e. as at 31st December 2013. It consists of three main components; assets, liabilities and equity. The statement of financial position facilitates users in assessing the financial soundness of an entity in terms of liquidity risk, financial risk, credit risk and business risk. 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Purchase Intention for Multiplatform Strategies-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePurchase Intention for Multiplatform Strategies. Answer: Develop purchase intention This is the extent to which a brand is worthy of being bought by the customer. It is calculated from the D-score, when the price index is subtracted from the consumer desire. In this case, the warmth and consumers purchase intention significantly influences the purchase intention. Mainly in the selected area, China, one will find very low and elusive brand loyalty. According to the research, competence and brand warmth, due to their well blending with each other, affected the purchase intention positively. Thus, high levels of competence and warmth levels affect the brand benefits beyond individual effects (Kim and Han 2014, pp.256). Key findings The research found that advertisement exposure was both through the online and offline platform. Also, it ascertains that by using multiplatform strategies, salient features of the brand perception is exerted which then affect purchase intention. Some key methods of improving the purchase intention found were enhancing the warmth of the brand and also the perceived competence. Customers will brand a product reliable if it has a high competence and gives them the warmth they need. When a brand is excellent and warm, it can be helpful, sincere and even modest. Also, it has been noted that offline advertisements are cheaper than online advertisements (Imhoff et al. 2013,pp.4). However, the targeted segment and access is quicker than when done offline. Lastly, effects exhibited by these brands are traceable to the advertisement they appear in. This is an important discovery as brands frequently endeavor to distinguish themselves. Reference list Kim, Y.J. and Han, J., 2014. Why smartphone advertising attracts customers: A model of Web advertising, flow, and personalization.Computers in Human Behavior,33, pp.256-269. Imhoff, R., Woelki, J., Hanke, S., and Dotsch, R. (2013). Warmth and competence in your face! Visual encoding of stereotype content.Frontiers in Psychology, 4.

Split Brain Essay Example

Split Brain Essay Throughout history, the brain has been described as the most unique and complex organ in the human body. From the dawn of civilization as we know it, humans have earnestly studied the structures and functions of the brain. Despite their efforts over the centuries, we still know very little. However, due to the early primary research work of two well known biological psychologists, Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga, scholars have obtained some insight into the brain’s characteristics and functions, according to Bridget Dauphin’s online discussion (http://www.xula.edu/xulanexus/issue1/Dauphin.html). Findings from Sperry and Gazzaniga’s research have led to significant theories about the lateralization of brain function in humans. There are various theories hypothesizing that the different hemispheres may have different personalities, different minds and also conflicting action plans.According to Moritz (1986), for example, hemispheric specialization is one of the major characteristics of the brain. This means that the right hemisphere has special cognitive tasks it completes well; and the left hemisphere has special cognitive tasks for which it exerts dominance in terms of processing information. Indeed, based upon the literature in neurobiology, the left side of the brain in humans controls language-related and analytical skills, while the right side dominates the areas associated with non-verbal and non-linguistic stimuli like visual and spatial tasks, pattern recognitions, musical information as well as artistic and emotional expressions. Also it should be noted that the two hemispheres exercise criss-cross lateral functions in the body which is called contralateralization. This refers to the situation in which the left brain controls the right side of the body and the right brain controls the left side (Moritz, 1986).Carlson (1994) also discovered that split-brain studies seem to provide the evidence for the importance of criss-cross com munication between the two hemispheres so that humans can process information successfully. He notes the following, as described on Dauphin’s web site:Although different skills lie primarily within different hemispheres, the importance of communication between the two sides becomes apparent as one delves into the findings of  split-brain research. This research involves studying humans and animals with their left and right hemispheres surgically separated. Such surgeries are not done for experimental purposes in human beings, but, rather, to treat specific brain disorders. For example, some split-brain surgeries have been used to treat life-threatening epilepsy that is unresponsive to drug therapy (http://www.xula.edu/xulanexus/issue1/Dauphin.html).Therefore, based upon the work of these researchers across the world and over the course of time, the term split-brain can be defined as the outcome of a surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum connecting the two hemisphe res of the brain is severed. The general definition found in various studies summarizes the whole split-brain outcome that some patients suffering from severe and violent epileptic seizures become split-brain, through a surgical operation called a corpus callosotomy. Even though it is a rare neurological procedure that is performed, the objective of the neurosurgeon is to decrease the chances of risking death, accidents and physical injuries in the lives of their epileptic patients. Therefore, a corpus callosotomy has been used to control severe and violent epileptic episodes so that affected people do not harm themselves or their families.Neurological Behavior of Split-Brain PatientsIt has been observed that people with a split-brain, when shown an image in their left visual field (the left half of what each eye sees), will be unable to verbalize what they have seen. This inability happens because the left hemisphere controls the speech mechanism in most humans on our planet, and t hus, the picture from the left visual field is sent only to the right hemisphere. Since the two sides of the brain cannot communicate any more owing to the corpus callosum being severed, the patients cannot name what they are seeing. The persons can, however, pick up a corresponding object (one within the left overall visual field) with their left hand, since that hand is controlled by the right side of their brain. This is why some researchers have also speculated that the split-brain patients seem to have two minds, two natures, each hemisphere with its own special goals and unique operations (Cohen 2006: 90).Definition of Brain ComponentsAccording to the Cognitive Psychology Group 212, the following factors describe the major components of the anatomy of the brain, and what happens if those components suffer trauma or injury.Brainstem.   The brainstem is located in the lower part of the brain and controls functions necessary for human life such as breathing, heart rate, and dig estion. It connects with nerve fibers at the bottom of the brain and leads into the spinal cord nervous system.Cerebellum. Also found in the back region of the brain, the cerebellum significantly controls balance and muscle coordination in humans. People who suffer from injuries to this area would most likely experience problems with taking care of themselves and simple walking and physical exercises.Frontal Lobe. Since the frontal lobe is the area primarily responsible for human personality and higher cognitive processing, it is not difficult to understand how damage or injury in this area can result in transformation of people’s personality. The frontal lobe contains two very important sections, the anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior section controls the characteristics of one’s personality, whereas the posterior region dominates the execution of motor skills and coordination in humans.Occipital Lobe. Also located in the back of the brain, the occipital lobe assists people in processing the visual information they receive from the environment. Thus, it is not surprising that damage to this region causes people to experience major vision problems and difficulty with recognizing simple objects.Parietal Lobe. The parietal lobe works with human sensation, and, like the frontal lobe, it is divided into two sub-regions. The right parietal lobe is more visual and spatial-oriented. Therefore, any injury to the right lobe would most likely result in the patients experiencing   difficulty with navigating new and even familiar environments. Likewise, any damage to the left lobe, â€Å"which is more sensory oriented, may affect a patient’s language abilities† (Cognitive Psychology 212 Group).Temporal Lobe. Both right and left temporal lobes deal with skill-based tasks associated with humans’ comprehension of language, such as memory, interpretation and processing of auditory input, that is, what we hear in the environment. Th e right lobe has also been described as the component of our brains most concerned with visual memory, whereas the left lobe is most concerned with verbal memory.Corpus Callosum. Notably, the corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain, and sends information between them. So it enables humans to experience life and the environment with all of their diverse stimuli, holistically. However, in the cases of split-brain patients, the connection with the corpus callosum between the two regions would have been cut (Cognitive Psychology 212 Group) causing split-brain people to manifest certain â€Å"unusual† behavior.Background History Research on Split-Brain PatientsMany studies have indicated that when patients initially undergo surgery to sever the connection between the right and left hemispheres, there may be no major changes; however, the findings from several experiments do document significant effects after all. Most experiments, including those done by Sperry, and Gazzangaga, involved flashing a picture to one visual field while blocking the other field. In such studies, researchers would flash a picture to the right eye to be processed by the left side of the brain, and to the left eye to be processed by the right side. Surprisingly, they found that when pictures were flashed to the right side (left brain), the patients had no trouble identifying the object in the picture, but when pictures were flashed to the left side (right brain), patients were unable to see a picture. However, when the patients were instructed to reach behind a screen to pick out the correct item, they always chose the item that had been flashed to their right brain (Cognitive Psychology Group 212).Specifically, for example, Dauphin (2000) also indicates that in the 1960s, â€Å"Roger Sperry had begun conducting split-brain studies.  Initially, he experimented on cats by severing the corpus callosum, the major bundle of axons joining the left and righ t hemispheres of the brain† (http://www.xula.edu/xulanexus/issue1/Dauphin.html). Dauphin advocates that Sperry’s different experiments demonstrated the significant role of the corpus callosum in transferring messages across the brain hemispheres. Two-way communication among superior capacities of the brain, such as perception, memory, and cognition is possible because of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, states Dauphin, Sperry’s research also indicated that without the corpus callosum the brain is like two separate entities, one functioning without awareness of the other (as cited in Moritz, 1986).Looking back, â€Å"one of the first experiments involved flashing a picture of a spoon in the visual field of a patients right hemisphere (not shown to the left hemisphere). The subject was then instructed to select the item he had seen by touching it. With his left hand (controlled only by the right hemisphere in split-brain patients), the person reached behind a scr een to examine several objects by touch and correctly chose the spoon (as cited in Moritz, 1986).However, when asked which item was shown, the patient could not give the correct answer verbally. These results indicated that the right hemisphere contained spatial information and the left hemisphere was the source of language and analytic skills. Because the spoon was not shown to the left hemisphere, the center of language skills, it could not be verbally identified† (as cited in Teyler, 1975).These split-brain researchers have therefore concluded that the left brain in humans must control language since the patients who had seen the pictures flashed on that side could describe the object. Since the right brain does not have a language processing center, patients were unable to produce words describing the object when it was flashed exclusively to that side. But, the right brain still understood the contents of the picture because the patients were able to pick out the object f rom behind the screen when instructed to do so.Split brain patients, therefore, seem somewhat fortunate still because their medical condition of a severed callosum does not hinder their normal lives. Nevertheless, however, many have undergone some major changes soon after the surgery, as certain experiments have already established. â€Å"For the most part, split-brain patients can function normally due to other areas of the brain that assist in communication; however, some problems do surface. In the most extreme cases, the left and right sides of the body come into direct conflict. For example, one patient described his right hand struggling to pull up his pants while his left hand pushed them down. On another occasion, this mans left hand (controlled by the emotional right hemisphere) attempted to strike his wife, while his right hand (controlled by the logical left hemisphere) tried to prevent it† (Springer and Deutsch, 1981).In essence, according to Springer Deutsch (19 81), split-brain patients do report complaints that are not so strange. â€Å"For example, some patients experience difficulties in associating names with faces, which is due to a disconnection between verbal skills and facial recognition skills. Similarly, other patients report difficulties in handling geometrical tasks and may have trouble in geometry classes. Still others complain of a poor memory and a lack of dreaming, but these have not been verified as specifically resulting from split-brain operations.†Springer Deutsch (1981) also believe that even when patients do report problems, the obstacle they complain about seem very subtle. They claim that it should be noted that in addition to the   corpus callosum, there are other mechanisms in the brain â€Å"that provide alternate links between the hemispheres. Also, because both hemispheres generally receive the same visual information, the perception of the world generally comes together as a whole even in split-brai n patients.†Ã‚   Many scientific fields have benefited from Roger Sperry’s work and others in this field. Scholars now have some insight about how brain hemispheric specialization works and how various disorders and conditions can be treated in neurosurgery.   Thus, it was not surprising that in 1981 Roger Perry obtained the Nobel Prize for his experimental work on the split brain.   Perry and others have established that special tasks and functions are specific to a brain domain, either left or right.Summary of the Functions of the Split-BrainHemispheric Specialization.The left and right hemispheres of the brain have specialized functions for most people. The left hemisphere is a language centre while the right hemisphere processes spatial information. These differences are most obvious in those rare individuals whose corpus callosum was surgically severed to help control a severe form of epilepsy. Jonathan Cohen believes that humans’ minds can be described as having a mind of their own separate from mental brain function. At times they think rationally, but then they allow emotional responses to override good judgments (90). He believes that this theory can explain the contradictions so evident in daily life and our perceptions: science versus religion; facts versus intuition, and so forth.Iaccino’s Cognitive Styles Associated with Cerebral Hemispheres________________________________________Left Hemisphere   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Right HemisphereVerbal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nonverbal, visuospatialSequential, temporal     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simultaneous, gestaltAnalytic     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SyntheticRational  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IntuitiveWestern thought  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eastern thought________________________________________(James F. Iaccino, 1993: 30)According to James Iaccino (33), clinical studies on split brain patients do seem to demonstrate a dichotomy of hemispheric specialization just as in studies with normal subjects. He advocates that each hemisphere indeed has its own cognitive style as depicted in the table above.This table shows the different functions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. It also displays the functions of the left and right hemisphere. The left brain is better at speaking, writing, mathematical calculations, and reading, and is the primary processing center for language. The right hemisphere, on the other hand, possesses superior capabilities for pattern recognitions: recognizing faces, solving prob lems involving spatial relationships, symbolic reasoning, and artistic activities (33).ConclusionIn summary, it is now known that the right hemisphere controls important nonverbal functions (facial discriminations and musical recognitions), yet, however, it is supported by the left hemisphere, especially in more complex visual and spatial cognitive tasks. The functional asymmetries reported for each of the hemispheres suggest that the cortical differences are mainly ones of relative (rather than absolute) specialization: namely, the left hemisphere is more language-oriented than the right, whereas the right is more visually spatial-oriented than the left. Although relatively specialized for a particular input, each hemisphere still requires the other to complement its overall functioning. Because people with split brains can not combine the information of both hemispheres, their behavior may seem pretty strange to others.The problem that has been observed among split-brain patients was that the two hemispheres of the brain communicate with each other, and if the communication was destroyed then the functions could be handled by one hemisphere better then the two combined. These split-brain experiments proved that there was dominance in each hemisphere of the brain to perform certain tasks. Even though a connected brain can perform the tasks of both sides. They also showed that the brain is capable of performing these tasks even when the corpus callosum has been severed. Although some tasks are performed better when the brain is able to communicate between the hemispheres. Such research findings are helpful to the sciences in many instances. For instance, the split-brain research helps people understand the different parts of the brain, and how they work. Also when injuries occur to the brain, psychologists and neurosurgeons can determine the possible effects on the patients and the changes they could possible undergo. Finally, psychologists will also have a be tter understanding of how the human brain works.

Sociology and Dominant Social Values Essay Sample free essay sample

A system is fundamentally a construct whether physical or societal. The thought of a system is cardinal with environment. The impression of a societal system is a general one can be applied to societal organisation that are carefully and intentionally planned. As a societal system school is characterized by an mutualist construction of parts. a clearly defined population. differentiated from its environment. a complex web of societal relationships and its ain alone civilization. As a consequence school itself is a societal system. Social system is a theoretical account of organisation that possesses a typical sum integrity beyond its constituent parts. It is distinguished from its environment by in a heartfelt way defined boundary. It is composed of sub-units. elements and sub-systems that are interrelated within comparatively stable forms of societal order. This can be stated diagrammatically as follows: Boundaries: Every societal system has proper boundary in the same mode the school edifice has besides bounded to divide from the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Dominant Social Values Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The schools edifice. as the unit of analysis. coincide with the larger schooling system. It is of import to specify carefully the boundaries and the unit of analysis. Environment: Outside boundaries there exists another unit of analysis i. e. environment which ( I ) Affects the properties of the internal constituent.( two ) It is changed by the societal system itself. Educational policies. decision makers. other schools and the community arc some elements of representing environment. Homeostasis:It is a procedure in which a group of regulators act to keep a steady province among the system constituents. A biological analogy illustrates the construct when an being moves from a warm environment to a cold 1. homeostatic mechanism trigger reaction to keep organic structure temperature. Feedback Loop: In a societal system the triping mechanism is the feedback cringle. This ensures that a part of the school’s behavior and the internal and external environment’s reactions to that behavior are filtered back into the system as input. Equilibrium: When societal and biological parts of the system maintain a changeless relationship to each- other so that no portion changes its place or relation with regard to all other parts. The major elements of a societal system are ( two ) Institutional Elementss:Institution. its function and outlooks are the conceptual elements of homothetic or normative dimension. Institutions are bureaus established to transport out certain imperative! Functions for the societal system as a whole the imperative maps are those which in clip have become the constituted maps of the societal system. The school is an establishment because it is an bureau established to transport out the map of socialisation which is an imperative map of the societal system ol the school. Thus. school can be described as an establishment every bit good as a societal system. Both footings are. nevertheless. used in a different sense. A function exists merely within a peculiar societal system and represents a peculiar place within that system. It involves certain rights and responsibilities. A individual is expected to set these into consequence. When he does that he is said to be executing his function. ( three ) Individual Component: Each societal system is inhibited by populating people. Whenever function is being performed. it is performed by persons. Each single stamps the function he occupies with the alone manner of his ain form of expressive behavior ; Personal dimension involves the personality of the function officeholder. The personality may be defined by the constituent demand temperaments. The demand temperaments are conceived of as forces within an person. A school is thought of as a societal system. with its characteristic institutional maps. functions and outlooks. As an establishment it has the map of socialisation. There are assorted officeholders in it who have to play the functions expected of them. In the societal system of a school the end behavior is achieved through the intergration assorted establishments. SOAN 3351: School as a Social System* Up one degreeHistorically. the intent of schooling has been to socialise kids and young person as agents in the reproduction of bing societal dealingss. The organisation and course of study of schooling is expected to reflect the topographic point of kids. young person and grownup scholars in the societal system as a whole. and to ease their elementary appropriation of dominant societal values and normative dealingss. This has meant that schools have frequently examined educational organisation and societal issues in ways that attenuate struggle and vague societal contradictions. One primary focal point of the class for this Fall term will be disablement. Several paperss and research studies have been produced for Nova Scotia and other Atlantic states over the last decennary or so. A repeating subject has been inclusion: what is it ; who does it profit ; is it damaging for the regular schoolroom ; is there an â€Å"inclusion bias† in educational policy ; what is the â€Å"rights-basis† for inclusion? These are inquiries we will turn to and pupil will develop in one class assignment. Other subjects for this class will be an scrutiny of modern-day issues impacting schooling and efforts at reform of its organisation and course of study. Recent public sentiment. proposals for reform and reconstituting the bringing of instruction will be discussed. We will analyze schooling through the frame of societal justness and alteration ; in other words. schooling as it relates to other facets of society. There may besides be an chance for Service Learning as a constituent of this class.

Life Insurance Sales Talk Essays

Life Insurance Sales Talk Essays Life Insurance Sales Talk Essay Life Insurance Sales Talk Essay Essay Topic: Talk What are the highlights of LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav? LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav is a Life insurance Plan especially designed to meet needs of Insurance Wealth creation and Liquidity What are the key features of LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav? Single Premium non-linked endowment assurance plan. Maturity Benefit : Sum Assured and Loyalty Addition#. Liquidity : Facility for loan. Life Cover : Full Sum Assured Payable on death during the term. # Loyalty Addition, if any, payable on Death, if it occurs during the last olicy year or on maturity. Please explain the Maturity and Life Cover Benefits under the plan. The Maturity Benefits under LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav plan include the Sum Assured and Loyalty Addition, if any. For a person aged 35 years, paying a premium of Rs. 95730/-, the Sum Assured shall be Rs. 200000/- .The Details of benefits payable are as under:- Jeevan Vaibhav Page 1 Benefit Illustration Age Policy Term Single Premium Amount 35 years 10 y ears 95730/-* Sum Assured payable on death or 200000/maturity Loyalty Addition payable on death during the last policy year or on maturity: Assuming 6% p. a. eturn Nil 25,000/Assuming 10% p. a. return * Premium shown above is exclusive of service tax. Am I eligible to take the plan? The Plan is available for person between 8 to 65 years of age. Eligibility Conditions Age at entry Policy Term Sum Assured Premium Mode Others 8 years to 65 years 10 years Rs. 200000/- onwards in multiple of 10000/Single Service Tax at the prevailing rate applicable on premium. What is the maximum amount of premium that I can pay? There is no upper limit on the premium. Moreover you shall enjoy a rebate of Rs. 2. 00†° in case you opt for Sum Assured between 4 lacs to 5. 90lacs and a rebate of Rs3. 0†° for Sum Assured 6 lacs and above. Jeevan Vaibhav Page 2 Can I avail loan under LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav? Yes, Loan facility is available under this plan, after completion of one policy year. Th e Loan Value is to the extent of 70% of Surrender Value. What if I wish to surrender the policy before completion of the term? We would not advise you to surrender a policy because the risk cover ceases and the contract comes to an end besides it deprives you from enjoying the full returns under the plan. However we wish to inform you that the policy shall acquire surrender value after completion of one full year.On surrendering a policy the higher of Guaranteed Surrender Value and Special Surrender Value shall be paid. Guaranteed Surrender Value The Guaranteed Surrender Value shall be 90% of the Single premium paid excluding extra premium, if any. Special Surrender Value The Special Surrender Value will be the ‘discounted value’ of the Sum Assured. Why should I opt for LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav plan ? Because LIC’s Jeevan Vaibhav combines Security with Wealth Creation in a single plan. You deserve it to celebrate your achievements in 2022. ************* Jeevan Vaibhav Page 3

Fogo de chao Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fogo de chao - Essay Example The restaurant has 25 locations where it operates in the United States of America and 9 other locations in Brazil. The meaning of Fogo de Chao is ‘fire on the ground’ and summarizes the method of traditional gaucho of meat roasting over an open fire. The restaurant has many parts; part gluttony, part spectacle and mostly red meat. Fogo de Chao is a dining experience that is interactive where meats are carved tableside from skewers waiters who are dressed in Brazilian garb. Substitute to ordering, dinners have the liberty of trying anything and everything. Typically located in a space that is cavernous, the table meat-fest goes hand in hand with a huge and self-serve salad bar that is varied and the menu explains the different options of meat and provides drinks lists, mainly Brazilian caipirinhas. It is not hard to dismiss Fogo de Chao as a gimmick, other than it is actually very authentic. Not only is this all-someone can eat the style of table skewer of dining is popular in Brazil, where it is called riodizio (a restaurant serving riodizio is a churrascaria), however, Fogo de Chao is a Brazilian chain that is popular that immigrated to the United States rather than an Americanized take on that food of the nation. A lot of the servers are from are from Brazil, and nearly all of them worked in the other locations initially. The services are very impressive, given that the formula depends on each and every waiter’s responsibility for his/her meat(s) of the night, starting from prepping to cooking in the giant that are behind the scene s rotisseries used for serving. In addition to delivery and carve food, they supervise it from seasoning up to delivery at the optimum time. In all the locations in the United States are different, however, they are all upscale in terms of furnishing and decoration, with a lot of a fine than a look that is buffet, with a separate bar, distinctively a glass walled wine cellar that is

Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Outfitters Continuing Case Study - Essay Example However, small businesses are an asset to any country and really enhance the overall GDP. Limited funds are a challenge as they have a direct effect on the growth of the business because there is pressure to pay off debts and concentration on growth is low. Even once the initial investment is made, there might not be enough cash to carry on with the daily operations, and hence, capital is always the main concern. The location is of utmost importance especially in the case of the retailer. In the case study Urban Outfitters decided to focus their store openings near colleges so that the students seeking for funky designs and used clothes can easily purchase in close proximity. Location in terms of clusters and target market are factors to be considered. The proximity and unique distribution creates exclusivity and helps companies with their niche marketing tactics. Employing efficient human resource is vital for creating an impact on consumers. In the case study, Richard and Belair, h ad entrepreuniral skills and a genuine interest in running their business, therefore they did a good job. Q2) Define what a "niche" product is. Give at least three examples of niche products.   A) A niche product is the one made and marketed for a small but profitable market. It is made for a high potential market which is small in size but profitable to cater. The specific product features designed are aimed to satisfy a specific market (Advantages of Niche Marketing 2009). In order to tap this sort of a potential market, the gap in the market has to be identified. These can be customized items too for example a cake shop customizing cakes for every individual according to their choice. Occasions are always brightened with some delicacy and catering to a customized market can be profitable. Catering to the elite by exclusively creating something can also be called a niche product for example a Rolls Royce. Catering to a particular demographics, class and personality all create ni ches. A case in point can be websites that provide services for specific categories for example finding your perfect match online, relationships and dating. Such services fulfill the needs of thousands of people but are very limited in its service and not mass marketed. Q3) Explain why a niche company might have an advantage in a market. Would price necessarily be an advantage? Explain why or why not.   A) Customization and exclusivity creates the importance of a niche market. Besides these factors, satisfying the needs of specific demographics in itself is an advantage because the customer feels his/her specific wants are been catered too. In the case study, the stores were located near colleges and the college students were being targeted, therefore, the sale of used clothes was identified as the missing gap for college students that have an economical budget. Therefore, the niche market allows the company to exert out energy on reaching out to the right people. resources are no t wasted in mass marketing but are instead focused on serving the small segment of loyal customers. Price may not necessarily be an advantage as seen clearly in this case study. Richard and Belair identified the needs of college students and then further increased their product line in order to synchronize the unique feel and look of each store. Many businesses in the world that operate in niche markets do have an advantage over price such as Lexus that produces limited cars and earns

Supplier and Vendor Selection Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supplier and Vendor Selection Process - Essay Example Their past records supplying for other companies should be viewed. This is to enable the company determine the risks at hand. If a supplier has a record of giving excuses and not delivering the supplies on time, they should be discarded as quickly as possible. This is also to prevent falling behind schedule due to problems caused by a party external to the company. The second element in choosing a supplier is their experience especially in serving similar contracts. In essence, the focus should be selecting the very best of suppliers to meet the needs at hand. An experienced supplier would have many benefits to the company. First of all, the supplierwould provide the very best quality materials. Secondly, their experience would most likely make them efficient and thus the chances of a discount are high. The third aspect to consider in choosing the supplier is the costs demanded by the supplier. Every company focuses on the reduction of costs and thus such a contract should be aimed at the same. The supplier with the least costs but with the best quality should be chosen upon. The fourth element to base the choice upon is the amount of time available. Given that time is more or less limited for all activities, the company that can deliver the supplies required in the shortest time possible. This should consider the quality of supplies since the hurry could be an opportunity to deliver poor quality items. The last element is the future plans of the company. If the company aims at a continued contractwith the supplier, a strict set of requirements should be used since all the company should focus on is obtaining the best supplier both in terms of quality and reliability. In conclusion, it is you, as the chief executive of this company, should endeavor at ensuring that the supplier given the deal is the best as stipulated by the conditions of the contract at hand and the goals of the company.

Positive side of stubbornness in children

Positive side of stubbornness in children Specific purpose: to inform my audience about the positive side of stubbornness in children, the causes of stubbornness, and how to deal with stubborn children. Central idea: stubbornness in children is a repeatedly every day issue and people should take an action and try to understand it very well in order to resolve the problem. Introduction: As we are all university students, few more years from today, some of us will probably be married and have a kid or two. Did it ever occur to you: how are you going to raise your children? Or how are you going to be able to handle and deal with your stubborn child? Imagine with me few more years from now; you are at your friends house having a good time, while both your children are playing together. You realized its time for you to go back home. You tell your child its time to go, but he/she refuses to leave and begs you to stay a little longer. So you give your child five extra minutes, and when its time, you face the same problem of refusing again. At some point or another, each parent reaches to a battle with their own children, yet not many parents knows how to deal with their childrens stubbornness and how to handle such situations right. All parents want their children to be well behaved and know whats right from wrong, but this goal is not always easy to accomplish, especially when the child is stubborn. I myself have been in so many similar situations with my nephews and nieces, where I didnt really know how to react. I read some books and did further research to know more about the topic of stubbornness in children. The word Stubborn as defined in Cambridge Dictionary: describes someone who is determined to do what they want and refuses to do anything else. Today I would like to inform you about the positive side of stubbornness in children, the causes of this matter, and the ways to deal with the problem. (Transition: Lets start with looking at the issue from a positive perspective.) Body: Stubbornness in children might not always be a bad sign of behavior; instead it could be helpful somehow. Lets take a look at the bright side of stubbornness in children. A childs stubbornness could possibly be his/her way of representing that they can think for themselves and that they can emphasize on their own opinions and believes. Stubbornness makes children feel that they have a certain level of control over some situations, which psychologically will boost up their self esteem. It is a way for them to learn how to express their own thoughts, have choices, and have power over certain things. When a child recognizes that he/she might have an option and they act on it; that shows a great deal of development and intelligence. For instance: instead of giving commands to your child which can be replied with a no answer, you can give him/her the freedom of two choices that you choose. So instead of Dont jump on the bed, a parent can try saying You can either sit on the bed or jump on the floor, which one would you like? Giving your children a little bit of control over their environment and the choices that they can make, is very empowering for them and very helpful to the parents as well. (Transition: Now that you know that stubbornness isnt necessarily negative, lets look at the causes of stubbornness in children.) There are number of reasons that cause stubbornness in children, some are: Marital Disputes: Families that are dominated by tensions, have a highly strong emotion, and have a poor marital relationship lead children to tension and disturbance; which will cause the children anger and stubbornness. In some cases marital disputes might generate cases of mental disorders. Rocking in the attitudes of parents: parental authority in evaluating their childrens behavior should be fixed and non contradictory between one time and another. Parents shouldnt be tough at a certain case some time and then be lenient with the same exact case some other time or vice versa. Moreover, parents should have an agreement and put up clear laws and regulations for their children to follow; those rules should be clear and concise. For example, when a child asks his father something and the father refuses, the child probably will go and ask or beg his mother so that she can say yes to that particular thing the child asked for, which will generate some level of stubbornness in the child by time when each parent has a different word. Jealousy between siblings: another cause of stubbornness in children might be because they are jealous of their siblings. A lot of children feel jealous of their brothers and sisters, especially when the parents get a new born baby. The child may start to feel that he/she has lost the love of their parents and they might also feel that the newborn baby took away all the attention and care. Last but not least, an obedient child might suddenly become stubborn. And that can be only a grabbing attention behavior, and the minute parents make time for their child, the stubbornness behavior is not repeated. (Transition: Given the causes of stubbornness in children, Im sure you would probably be wondering what the ways to deal with this issue are.) There are many ways to handle stubbornness in children: Rule number one is to always stay calm but firm whenever your child is being stubborn. Dont try to solve the problem by shouting. The key is to remain calm, and never allow your child to cause your temper to boil over. You should be the authoritative voice in the situation. As Mrs. Joanna Al Khayat, who holds a bachelor of arts in social science majoring in child psychology from Boston University, suggests; setting up a daily routine life into your childrens lives might be helpful for they get to be able to distinguish what is expected from them. For instance: setting up meal times, bath time, and bed time. Mrs. Al Khayat also adds that allowing some space to your children will enhance their ability of making their own decisions or forming an opinion and deciding for themselves, its also an important aspect of the childs character development. For instance: giving your child the freedom of choosing which cartoon he/she prefers to watch wont cause any harm and will satisfy their needs. However, when your child persist on doing something harmful, like playing with a knife for example, your child must understand that you, as a parent, should have the final word in decision making. Another way of overcoming stubbornness in children is that parents must probably set some boundaries and guidelines and establish consequences for crossing them. Make sure that the punishments are age appropriate. And after that, parents should speak to their children and explain to them what will and will not be tolerated. Praise your child and give him/her some kinds of rewards when they cooperate and behave well. Reduce unnecessary rules: the more regulations you have, the less your child will obey and follow your guides. As a parent you should help your child feel less controlled by having more optimistic communication with him/her than pessimistic ones each day. Conclusion: In conclusion: As we have seen stubbornness is a very normal common behavior in children. Parents shouldnt just look at this behavior in a bad perspective; instead it could have a positive effect on their children. Understanding the reasons behind stubbornness in children will prepare the parents to be patient to overcome this issue. With proper knowledge and understanding, parents learn how to react to their childrens behavior. There are some certain methods that help a lot in dealing with stubborn children.

An Analysis of Miltons On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Thre

An Analysis of Milton's On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three John Milton is one of the most famous poets of the English language. Even though his works are not many, he is considered the greatest writer in English literature. In John Milton' s works we can see the problems of the English society and his own too. Such a poem is " On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three" because it shows the concerns that Milton had about his career when he was young and still hadn't chosen his own way in life. In this famous work of his we don't see a celebration of a birthday but a problem that the young gentleman faces as time passes by. The author uses many metaphors and symbols in order to give a more vivid image of his problem, and at the end he gives a solution to this problem. The structure of " On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three" is typical for John Milton. This is a fourteen-line lyric poem also called Italian sonnet. T is called Italian because it was invented in Italy in the thirteenth century and later English writers began using it. The Italian sonnet consists of an eight-line octave and a six-line sestet. In the first eight lines the author introduces a problem and in the sestet he gives a solution to the problem. The poem has a rhyme scheme typical for the Italian sonnet. The octave has a rhyme ABBAABBA and the sestet's rhyme scheme is CDECDE. " On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three" is a poem whose lines are all with ten syllables and with five beats per line. In this poem John Milton has not used techniques such as parallelism, assonance, and alliteration but even despite of this fact this is considered a great work of his. ... ...thor his fate is in the hands of God, and it is Him that chooses the way Milton has to follow. The author has no other choice except to become a poet. He must not worry about the other poets who till now have produced many works, and the only thing he has to do is to follow God. In the poem " On His Having Arrived At the Age of Twenty-Three" John Milton introduces a problem and gives a solution to this same problem. In fact, this problem is relevant even today, when young people have to decide on a career. Also as time goes by people ask them more often what they have done in their life. The figurative language that the author uses contributes a lot for the building of the image of the problem in the poem. The metaphors and the symbol of time make the poem a really good piece of literature, which discuses problems that we have even today.

Study com

Takes time and implies careful attention looking below the surface to find the motivation and context as well as what assumptions are involved and what is not there. Criticism: A close analysis of a text resulting in evaluation. O A close analysis and judgment of something Not always negative, you can evaluate a text and be positive. Illnesses both positive negative or even neutral feedback o Not Just taking something at face value, you're talking critically o Looking innate the surface Critical Questions you might ask. What are the implicit and explicit assumptions in this article and are they reasonable? How reliable is the source of this argument bias/who is the source What's the purpose of this argument/ goal/ consequences? Why is this argument being made? What context or motives might have prompted it?Barnett and Bedaubs Components of Critical thinking Imagination Analysis Evaluation Examples that require critical thinking Riddles Argument A course of reasoning Making a case in favor or against something A critical claim with support and reasoning Example mastery Text Any sort of artifact that can be studied for Information Speech Essay novels Movies, TV shows, songs, press release, corporate annual report Anything that uses communication to get their point across. A one sentence summary of your argument.Will make a claim about the text you're looking at, it should take a position and then it should provide reasoning for that position. Summarizes your overall argument with both your position and reasoning. Rhetoric The strategic use of symbols to persuade o But it doesn't always have to be to persuade, it can be used to teach o Doesn't eve to be words it can be pictures Rhetoric is the argument People that use rhetoric o Advertisement o Politicians Finding the available means of persuasion in a given equation. Aristotle definition)Most important thing to remember while editing o USE A DICTIONARY Media criticism How they portray certain parts of society I. G How they portray movies Criticism of the news and media The way that system constitutes what we consider to be news 3 questions Where does news come from? Who decides what you see/hear/read? What are the functions of fact and opinion 2 classic studies 1. Warren Breed 1995 â€Å"Social control in the newsroom† a. . News is produced by reporters . Reporters are directed/influenced by . Editors Newspaper policy 2. Other reporters 3. Reporters learn from by osmosis iii. They read how other reporters write They are steered by Editor preferences b. The desire it see their stories be â€Å"news† c. And the desire to succeed.Sacred Cow Comes from the religion Hinduism o They hold cows sacred News media are often hesitant in publishing anything that will portray any person that is well-liked in the community or support the newspaper/media financially in a negative way. O Local figure 0 Joe Property 2. David Manning White, 1950 a. The â€Å"Gate Keeper† study I. There a re a series of â€Å"gate keepers† 1. Main source of control of what ends up being reported and what doesn't end up eyeing reported it. Each has the power to define what is or isn't news iii. If the gate keeper rejects a â€Å"story, â€Å"the work of all those who preceded him in reporting and transmitting the story is negated† ‘v. Decisions are 1. Highly subjective 2.Based on experiences, attitudes, expectations of gate keeper Facts vs.. Opinion in the news Opinion writing in the newspaper o Editorials 0 Official statements of the news paper Responses from of the reader. Columns/opinions/ Pieces/pop-De Essays gathered from other media outlets or the public Do not reflect the opinion of the newspapers outside opinions Front page news part 3 Rhetoric Plato Allegory of the Cave Fact represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. The thesis behind his allegory is the basic tenets that all we perceiv e are imperfect â€Å"reflections† of the ultimate Forms, which subsequently represent truth and reality.The Matrix o The movie suggest that if people were given the choice they would choose to know the truth o Shallowness of Rhetoric Slogan We poked you in 84 will poke you again in 86 o Plato had a problem with this since it lacked knowledge Dialectic: Discussion or debate, the way that Aristotle wrote Georgia Difference Among Gorgons, Aristotle, and Plato: Plato was Aristotle teacher and firmly disbelieved in rhetoric and hated calling it a sham and cookery while Aristotle had a better understanding of rhetoric and wrote the most important book over it. Georgia was a sophist and a teacher of rhetoric whom Plato wrote about in order to make him sound stupid. O Socrates gets Georgia to admit that there are two types of persuasion Knowledge (convoy some type of knowledge) 0 Belief without knowledge Scarcities gets Georgia to admit rhetoric is belief without knowledge

Free Essays on Renaissance

The Renaissance was â€Å"A revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, particularly in Italy,† according to Art In Focus. It followed the Middle Ages, and was basically a time of the revival of learning after the Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, a time with little increase of ideas, inventions or developments. During the Renaissance, art was a branch of knowledge. It was a way to show God and his creations, as well as a science, of anatomy and perspective. Also during the Renaissance there were many people who used art as a way to record discoveries and inspired people to take pleasure in the world around them. In 1452 AD, a genius named Leonardo da Vinci was born in a small town called Vinci. He was the illegitimate son of a local lawyer. When he was small he loved to draw pictures of plants, insects, flowers, animals, and birds. When Leonardo was in his teens his father took him to Florence, Italy, to study at the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. When Leonardo was twenty, he was so good at painting that he helped his art teacher finish his painting. Not only was Leonardo an artist, but he was also an architect, musician, sculptor, scientist, inventor, and mathematician. He kept detailed records of all of his inventions in his notebooks, which he wrote backwards so nobody could steal his ideas. One of his sketches in his notebook was of a skull. He used lines possibly to measure the length and the width of the human head. He might have done this to be able to paint the human head in proper proportion, and more life like. Leonardo painted very realistically, as you can see in the painting Ginevra de’Benci, which is of a young lady. Another advancement of Leonardo’s was to make his backgrounds very detailed and in proper aerial perspective. The techniques he might have used in his paintings are as follows: He would first cover a wood panel with gesso then, rough ... Free Essays on Renaissance Free Essays on Renaissance Renaissance Paper The period of the renaissance existed between the years of 1485 and 1660. The term renaissance itself is a French word meaning "rebirth" and it refers particularly to renew interest in classical learning, the writing of ancient Greece and Rome. In the Middle Ages, people forgot the Greek language and debased the Latin; in the Renaissance people learned to read Greek once more and reformed the Latin that they read, wrote, and spoke. During the age of the Renaissance new energy seemed to be available for creating beautiful things and thinking new thoughts. Today people still call a strong, versatile, and productive human being a "renaissance person." In order to understand the period of the renaissance a person must look at basic areas: Royalty and explores, Religion and literature, music and arts, and food and fun. In order to understand the period of the Renaissance a person must first look at the royalty and explores. During the period of the Renaissance royalty ment that a person had people whom served them. There were several royal families and individuals that lasted for long periods of time in the Renaissance that included these great people: "Henry VIII was a young man, of England whom had everything. He was tall and handsome, he could ride all day, win joust, speak four languages, play the lute, and talk learnedly about religion and astronomy."(Hirsch P.1) Henry VIII had six wives and as many if not more flings. Henry’s first wife was Catherine of Aragon. Henry and Catherine were married in 1509 and shortly after their marriage Catherine became pregnant. The baby was born prematurely and died in 1510. She was soon pregnant again months later. The baby prince Henry was born of January 1, 1511. (secara P.1) Around 2 months later the baby died. On February 1516, she gave birth to a daughter named Mary, and this child lived. Henry was growing very frustrated by his lack of male heirs, but he re... Free Essays on Renaissance The Renaissance was â€Å"A revival or rebirth of cultural awareness and learning that took place during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, particularly in Italy,† according to Art In Focus. It followed the Middle Ages, and was basically a time of the revival of learning after the Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, a time with little increase of ideas, inventions or developments. During the Renaissance, art was a branch of knowledge. It was a way to show God and his creations, as well as a science, of anatomy and perspective. Also during the Renaissance there were many people who used art as a way to record discoveries and inspired people to take pleasure in the world around them. In 1452 AD, a genius named Leonardo da Vinci was born in a small town called Vinci. He was the illegitimate son of a local lawyer. When he was small he loved to draw pictures of plants, insects, flowers, animals, and birds. When Leonardo was in his teens his father took him to Florence, Italy, to study at the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. When Leonardo was twenty, he was so good at painting that he helped his art teacher finish his painting. Not only was Leonardo an artist, but he was also an architect, musician, sculptor, scientist, inventor, and mathematician. He kept detailed records of all of his inventions in his notebooks, which he wrote backwards so nobody could steal his ideas. One of his sketches in his notebook was of a skull. He used lines possibly to measure the length and the width of the human head. He might have done this to be able to paint the human head in proper proportion, and more life like. Leonardo painted very realistically, as you can see in the painting Ginevra de’Benci, which is of a young lady. Another advancement of Leonardo’s was to make his backgrounds very detailed and in proper aerial perspective. The techniques he might have used in his paintings are as follows: He would first cover a wood panel with gesso then, rough ... Free Essays on Renaissance Before the time of the Renaissance, society, and people of the society were humble and modest. They left their great works anonymous and devoted and accredited God to all they were capable of doing. Christian humility strongly discouraged the idea of self-absorption, accordingly, throughout the Middle Ages, the recognition of such remarkable individuals were limited. By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, people began to glorify themselves and take pride in their uniqueness. This mentality was far different from that of the one where God was the reason for the greatness that one was capable of. People actually started to believe in their talent and recognize it. â€Å"†¦They had enormous confidence in their ability to achieve great things.† Leon Battista Alberti, a writer, architect, and mathematician made the remark, â€Å"Men can do all things if they will.† This concept of thinking displayed the ideas of self-confidence and self-worth. Although this self-confidence can sometimes be mistaken for arrogance, it was simply a time when people realized all that they were capable of and that they did posses qualities that others didn’t and were proud. Many of the paintings, for example, Boticellis’s Portrait of a Youth, displays all of the characteristics that young men were thought to posses. The way the eyebrows are tilted, and they way his hand is across his chest, and the other examples of his body language all display self-confidence and self-worth. This theme is found commonly in the characters of many of the paintings created at that time. At the time of the Renaissance, the revival of interest in antiquity, the recovery of manuscripts, statues, and monuments were greatly publicized and important. The aspect of the Renaissance of those that took a serious approach to the study of Latin classics became known as the â€Å"new learning,† or simply â€Å"humanism†. Humanism was the philosophical backbone of the Ren...

Latin Verbs - Deponents

Latin Verbs - Deponents Deponent verbs are active in meaning and passive in form.This means that if you see a deponent like conor, you must translate it as an active verb; here: I try. In the dictionary, you will see the verb for to try listed as conor, -ari, -atus sum try Conor is the present passive first person singular indicative, but because the verb is deponent, it is translated as if it were active.Conari is the present passive infinitive. Because of the a. you can tell this is a first conjugation verb. Conari is translated as if it were an active infinitive: to try.The third entry in a non-deponent verb is the third principal part, which gives you the perfect active stem. If the verb were laudo, you would seeRemove the i from laud avi and you have the perfect stem. There is none in the case of conor, because in deponent verbs, the third principal part is skipped.laudo, -are, -avi, - atus praiseConatus sum is the perfect passive participle plus the first person of the verb for to be. In a non-deponent verb, this form would give you the perfect passive, but here the form gives you the perfect active: I tried. In a non-deponent verb, the sum would not be added.Except where the forms are missing, deponent verbs are conjugated just as other verbs in their conjugations.Latin Grammar Tips Latin SupineLatin Verb EndingsLatin ImperativesLatin InfinitivesLatin Verbs - Person and NumberLatin Words - Where Do You Add on Endings?Passive Periphrastic

Reynoldss Views of Ise Shrine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reynoldss Views of Ise Shrine - Assignment Example One of the biggest arguments in their favor is that the continual destruction and rebuilding of the shrine is part of the modernist aesthetic (324). The strong points of Reynolds’s organization are that the long historical introduction builds up well to his claim so that by the time Reynolds makes it seems logical. However, at the same time, that long historical introduction makes the essay somewhat difficult to read. It seems like Reynolds could have spent a lot less time on historical facts or at least applied them more directly to his main argument. Reynolds validates his authority throughout the essay. On the one hand, he continually cites Japanese sources, which makes it clear that he is very familiar with his topic and able to make statements about it. On the other, he writes at great length about many aspects of both Ise Shrine’s history and the aesthetics of Japanese modernism. Reynolds clearly has authority to write about modernist views of Ise Shrine.

Theories and Methods in Media Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories and Methods in Media Studies - Essay Example With this underlying root, Mark Zuckerberg along with his roommates back in college found the social networking Company and named it Facebook, Inc. in 2004. Students of the Harvard University and some of the American universities were at first restricted from using the online social networking service. Later, with a mounting demand from students and the public, the social medium of communication and network named Facebook spread all over the world (Miller, 2011). Facebook has gained such massive popularity mainly because it brings together people from different countries, territories, learning institutions, races, gender, and religion on a common platform. The underlying theories of social media, social networking, virtual mode of communication, and digital marketing highlight the fundamental purpose and implications of Facebook. The social networking site allows the users to create, exchange and share ideas, data, and information via online and virtual communication platforms. The s ocial network leverage advantage of the advancements of technology together with its anticipated benefits via the World Wide Web or internet. Due to various benefits that have resulted from use of Facebook and other social networking services, the people, organizations, and community groups increasingly consume products and services of social media. The social media of networking has allowed the people to remain in touch with their friends irrespective of the distance that sets them apart. The formation of communities by the people who share similar thoughts, opinions, profession or likings have helped the users to remain together and connected on a continuous basis. The social media and the networking services are being used worldwide and widely accepted by the people in different communities. For this reasons, the social media and networking sites could also be used to form public opinions in case of social issues. Apart from the people and the communities, the business houses and several organizations have also started to accept the networking services of social media like Facebook and Twitter among others to take advantages of the virtual platform and digital marketing opportunities. The social media and other virtual platforms for networking have been proven more advantageous relative to the conventional electronic and the print media. The worth of communication, the extent to which the information can reach users, the immediacy of the communication achieved by the online medium of communication helps to attain an improved performance of networking. These advantages of digital communication with the help of internet-based services using various applications are useful for marketing of products and services by the companies. The information of the product and service could be spread to a wide range of target customers in order to complete the marketing activities at optimal cost. The shift in the trend of marketing and selling of products of the companies in various sectors of the industry have been largely due to the changes in the way of communication of the society and the inclination of communication and information exchange through the online social media. The uses of social media like Facebook, Twitter, etc. by the companies on an increasing scale are being observed to tap the potential opportunities in the changing market scenario (Ryan, 2011). The applications of the social

Global Sourcing - Critically analyse Globshops management of Essay

Global Sourcing - Critically analyse Globshops management of outsourcing and the future challenges. Will they be successful Why or why not - Essay Example The rise and growth of global outsourcing are supported by cost benefits analysis since most Multinationals and business empires work on cutting and reducing the production costs. It is to realize and maximizes huge turnover at the end of every financial year. In addition, the technological and industrial improvement that are noticed as time advances improves and stir the need to pool resources with other related companies and businesses to offer adequate and competitive skills. Likewise, the human resources allied with corporate strategies and level of quality improves the value anticipated. The strategy executed by management establishes the efficacy of its resolutions such that setting up the entire plan inclusive of adequate capitalization, funding and monitoring the firm’s probabilities for prosperity in the new environment (Contractor et. al.2010, pg.1428). To ensure a cost reduction, relations must be created, developed and upheld first, since a competitive business aff iliations is the basis of achievement for any enterprise client, customer and the associates (Ã…gerfalk et. al. 2008, pg.7).Therefore,  cost promotes the need for outsourcing while affiliation development provides a conducive and enabling environment for achieving cost reduction and other related benefits such as profit maximization. India is recognized as the main outsourcing target in Asia. India has advantages over other nations. It is because its incentives are more attractive to cost- efficacy business strategy with competitive telecommunications industrial sector enhanced by manpower and skills. Additionally, it has technological and industrial resources that are accessible to the nations and other surrounding Asian nations such as Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, China, and several others. GlobShop is a Multinational Billion Dollar empire that utilizes India companies and businesses concentrating on Information technology to expand its

Creation †Scientific View Vs. Biblical View Essay Example for Free

Creation – Scientific View Vs. Biblical View Essay The advancement of science has raised questions over the biblical view of creation. A lot of scientists are now questioning the authenticity of the long-held beliefs about creation. According to Mark 10:6, ‘Jesus said: But from the beginning of the creation, God made them male and female†. ’ Also, John 1:1-3 says, â€Å"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God†. If the dates are added up as per the bible, Adam was created 6000 years ago. Therefore, the earth was created approximately 6000 years ago. Evolutionists, on the other hand, believe that the whole Universe and life itself arose by chance between 3 and 15 billion years ago. They came up with a theory called Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory about the origin of the universe. According to the big bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions. Extrapolated into the past, these observations show that the universe has expanded from a state in which all the matter and energy in the universe was at an immense temperature and density. Physicists do not widely agree on what happened before this, although general relativity predicts a gravitational singularity. The term Big Bang is used both in a narrow sense to refer to a point in time when the observed expansion of the universe (Hubbles law) began — calculated to be 13. 7 billion (1. 37 ? 1010) years ago ( ± 2%) — and in a more general sense to refer to the prevailing cosmological paradigm explaining the origin and expansion of the universe, as well as the composition of primordial matter through nucleosynthesis as predicted by the Alpher-Bethe-Gamow theory. From this model, George Gamow was able to predict in 1948 the existence of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). The CMB was discovered in 1964 and corroborated the Big Bang theory, giving it more credence. In 1927, the Belgian priest Georges Lemaitre was the first to propose that the universe began with the explosion of a primeval atom. His proposal came after observing the red shift in distant nebulas by astronomers to a model of the universe based on relativity. Years later, Edwin Hubble found experimental evidence to help justify Lemaitres theory. He found that distant galaxies in every direction are going away from us with speeds proportional to their distance. The big bang was initially suggested because it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds. The theory also predicts the existence of cosmic background radiation (the glow left over from the explosion itself). The Big Bang Theory received its strongest confirmation when this radiation was discovered in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery. Creation theory according to Genesis 1:1 states, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. † Evolutionists believe that the entire solar system was formed from clouds of gas and dust. If so, the Sun, planets and moon should be made of gas and dust. It has been proved scientifically that the sun is 98% hydrogen or helium. If we believe this theory, then the planets should orbit the sun and the moon should orbit the planets. This is true. Theory of Darwin further accentuated the evolutionists’ theory. Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist who proposed and provided evidence for the scientific theory that all species have evolved over time from one or a few common ancestors through the process of natural selection. This theory was fully accepted by the scientific community in the 1930s, forming much of the basis of modern evolutionary theory. In modified form, Darwins theory remains a cornerstone of biology, providing a unifying explanation for the diversity of life. Natural selection is the evolutionary process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations of a population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common. Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, such that individuals with favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce than those with less favorable phenotypes. If these phenotypes have a genetic basis, then the genotype associated with the favorable phenotype will increase in frequency in the next generation. Over time, this process can result in adaptations that specialize organisms for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the emergence of new species. Ironically, many of the scientists in question did some early work on the mechanisms of evolution. Though biological evolution of some sort had become the primary mode of discussing speciation within science by the late-19th century, it was not until the mid-20th century that evolutionary theories stabilized into the modern synthesis. Some of the historical scientists marshaled by creationists were dealing with quite different issues than any are engaged with today: Louis Pasteur, for example, opposed the theory of spontaneous generation with biogenesis, an advocacy some creationists describe as a critique on chemical evolution and abiogenesis. Pasteur accepted that some form of evolution had occurred and that the Earth was millions of years old. The contribution of famous scientists like Mendel and Avery laid the foundation for genetics. Gregor Mendel’s research revealed that distinct traits were inherited in a well-defined and predictable manner. In the 1940s, the identification of DNA as the genetic material by Oswald Avery and colleagues, and the articulation of the double-helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick, provided a physical basis for the notion that genes were encoded in DNA. Since then, the role of genetics in evolutionary biology has become increasingly central. Many fields of science have provided a wide range of evidence for evolution. The most prominent of these are fossil records, which can show the many life forms that have existed. The fossil itself reveals the organisms structure, and the age of the fossil reveals when its species existed. In addition, studies involving anatomical and genetic comparisons between present day species serve as evidence for evolution. Paleontology, the study of fossils, supports Darwins original idea that all living creatures are related. Fossils also provide evidence that accumulated changes over long periods have led to the diverse forms of life we see today. Strong evidence for evolution comes from analysis of homologous structures that no longer perform the same task. One example involves the comparison of the forelimbs of mammals. The forelimbs of a human, cat, whale, and bat all have strikingly similar bone structure. However each of these four animals forelimbs performs a different task. Such a design makes little sense if they are unrelated and uniquely constructed for their particular tasks. The scientific explanation for such homologous structures is that all four animals shared a common ancestor, and that each has undergone mutations over the course of a large number of generations. These changes have resulted in slight modifications in the structure, so that each species has a forelimb adapted for a different task. This is what Darwin described as descent with modification. The main points of difference between the two theories are: †¢ If Creation is true – there is a Creator, and there are rules given by God. If Evolution is true – there is no Creator, and there are no rules. In fact, we make them up as we go along, according to the majority vote. †¢ If Creation is true – there is a purpose to life. If Evolution is true – there is no Creator, and no purpose to life. We are evolving creatures. †¢ If Creation is true – we are a fallen race, and we need a Savior. If Evolution is true – there is no sin, and we do not need a Savior. The scientific view of creation is more plausible than the biblical view. There are a lot of discoveries and inventions that have made the understanding of our earth, evolution of life and universe possible. However, scientists have a long road ahead of them to convince people. References: 1) Wikipedia 2) Dr. Kent Horvind, Creation Science Evangelism.

Leadership in Todays Business World Essay -- Management Leader

Part 1) Introduction: In today's more rapidly changing world, leadership prevails everywhere. It is playing a more important role not only in our personal life but also in our professional life, because leadership has a great impact and influence on people. So, utilizing leadership adequately can bring us a piece of attractive picture. To use humanizing actions is a critical leadership skill, which will be discussed in the following paragraphs, to motivate and inspire energy of team members to achieve the set goal. I would like to use Contingency Theory and Integrative Theory and Path Goal Model and Follower-ship to demonstrate that this critical skill has an impact on leadership effectiveness. Body: Leadership is the ability to inspire confidence, support and trust among the people who need to achieve organizational goals. (Chan & Maubourgne 1992) It invariably requires using power to influence the thoughts and actions of other people in order to create new approaches and imagine new areas to explore. This definition has emphasized on influencing people to achieve set goals. In other words, we can say, the objective of leadership is achieving goals, meanwhile, the application is influencing other people to motivate the energy and stimulate the potential towards the goals. The contemporary era is the time with constant changes and new demands. In view of this point, we can't put unitary leadership into real work. Accordingly, the term of "contingency leadership theory" (also namely "situational leadership") is given rise to by those situational factors. This theory notes that managers can vary their styles to suit different circumstances. For instance, a sole proprietorship's leader leads self's business and t... ...g goal greatly. Reference Chan, K. W. & Maubourgne, R. A. 1992, Parables of leadership, Harvard Business Review, July-August. Deal and Jenkins.1994 Book about managing Workers Operating Behind The Scenes (p xiii).(p257) Dubrin, A & Daglish, C.2003, Leadership: An Australian Focus, John Wiley, Brisbane. House, R.J, 1971, A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness, Administrative Science Quarterly, 16 Howell, J. P., Bowen, D. E., Dorfman, P. W., Kerr S. & Podaskoff, P. 1990, `Substitutes for leadership: Effective alternatives to ineffective leadership', Organizational Dynamics, summer, (p 23) Miller, P. 2004, Leadership Study Guide, Southern Cross University, Lismore Pfeffer, J. 1997, `The Ambiguity of Leadership', Academy of Management Review, (p104-12) Roger Cartwright. 2002 Mastering Team Leadership Palgrave Macmillan, New York (p123)

External Analysis of Computer Industry Essay

* Threat of new entrants: The threats from new entrants to the personal computer industry is weak to moderate due to the presence of dominant players reduces the entry of new players to immediately enter the market and establish their own brand. In such a competitive market, these companies have invested heavily on their research and development, customer service, and marketing departments which increased the competition between companies who are competing to build superior products. Due to increased standardization in operating system and microprocessors, it is easy for any new entrants to manufacture white-box personal computers. However, this would be low since the companies have created strong branding awareness. Some more reasons of why threats of new entrants are less are:- * Access to distribution channels: Being distribution channel most important in the PC industry, it is prerequisite to have a strong distribution network which is difficult to built for the new entrants specially in initial stages of competitive market. Weak distribution networks mean goods are more expensive to move around and difficult to reach end customers. The expense of building a strong distribution network positively affects Computer Industry. * Capital requirement: There is a high capital requirement in computer industry which means a company must spend a lot of money in order to compete in the market which is a big issue for new entrants to enter in this industry. * Product differentiation: It is difficult to make your product different from existing products offer in the market as it needs huge investments and R&D to get core competency in your product in the well settled industry with n number of large players with maximum market shares. * Switching cost: New entrants have to face high switching costs in this industry .High switching costs make it difficult for customers to switch from products they normally purchase, due to high costs. * Customers are loyal to existing brands: It takes time and money to build a brand. Existing brands have their brand image in the market and are able to make their loyal customers which makes difficult for new entrants to shift those customers towards them. * Patents limit new competition: Patents that cover vital technologies make it difficult for new competitors, because the best methods are already patented  and that is why they have spend a lot of time and money in inventing new technology to compete with existing technologies. * Bargaining power of Buyers * Dependency on distributors: Buyers in this industry has low dependency on distributors which makes them at powerful position and distributors have less bargaining power. * Limited buyer choice: In computer industry, customers have limited choices hence they end up paying more for the choices that are available which positively effects this industry. Limited Buyer Choice has a significant impact, so they shpuld put more weight to this for increasing their profits. * Product is important to customer: In this era, customers are tech savvy and ready to pay for best technologies. So, computer industry has an edge to charge more from customers by providing best products. * Large number of customers exists in this industry which makes it difficult for them to bargain more as no single customer have the bargaining leverage. * Bargaining power of suppliers * Competition from suppliers: High levels of competition among suppliers acts to reduce prices by producers which effects positively in the computer industry. * Concentration from suppliers: low concentration of suppliers means there are many suppliers with limited bargaining power and computer industry with high bargaining power. * Production inputs: In this industry, when critical production inputs are similar, it is easier to mix and match inputs which reduces supplier bargaining power and positively affects this industry to gain profits. * Inputs have less impact on costs: when inputs have less impact on costs, suppliers of the inputs have less bargaining power. * Volumes are critical to suppliers: In cases when volumes are critical to supplier, producer can threaten to cut the volumes to cut their profits which give producers more bargaining power. * Threat of substitutes: * Limited number of substitutes: A limited number of substitutes mean that customers cannot easily find other products or services that fulfill their  needs which is a good sign for Computer Industry. * Inferior substitute products: Inferior products means customers are less likely to switch from computer industry which helps in retaining their existing customers by providing best products. * Substitutes :PDA(Personal Digital assistant) Palmtops, handheld PC which is smaller than standard laptops. Smart phones, It is a phone that runs complete operating system software providing standardized interface and platform for application developers. So above substitutes can prove to be a threat to computer industry. * Rivalry from existing firms: The competition in personal computer industry is very intense and fierce. The five main manufacturers namely IBM, Dell, Apple, HP and Compaq are in competition to produce the least expensive and most efficient machine. Apple focuses more on innovation while Dell focuses on distribution channel and services, which create differentiation to some extent. Price competition has become severe in the industry as PC has become a more commodity-like product which drives the industry to embrace any cost-cutting measures in an effort to increase their decreasing profit margin. Quality of a personal computer is largely determined by the microprocessor and application system installed, the profitability and prosperity of the industry is dependent of the profitability and prosperity of these suppliers.

National academy of sciences Essay

I HAVE spared you, even as I spared myself, an arithmetical consummation of my inquiry, but the data here cited instruct us that the cost of the drug war is many times more painful, in all its manifestations, than would be the licensing of drugs combined with intensive education of non-users and intensive education designed to warn those who experiment with drugs. We have seen a substantial reduction in the use of tobacco over the last thirty years, and this is not because tobacco became illegal but because a sentient community began, in substantial numbers, to apprehend the high cost of tobacco to human health, even as, we can assume, a growing number of Americans desist from practicing unsafe sex and using polluted needles in this age of AIDS. If 80 million Americans can experiment with drugs and resist addiction using information publicly available, we can reasonably hope that approximately the same number would resist the temptation to purchase such drugs even if they were available at a federal drugstore at the mere cost of production. And added to the above is the point of civil justice. Those who suffer from the abuse of drugs have themselves to blame for it. This does not mean that society is absolved from active concern for their plight. It does mean that their plight is subordinate to the plight of those citizens who do not experiment with drugs but whose life, liberty, and property are substantially affected by the illegalization of the drugs sought after by the minority. I have not spoken of the cost to our society of the astonishing legal weapons available now to policemen and prosecutors; of the penalty of forfeiture of one’s home and property for violation of laws which, though designed to advance the war against drugs, could legally be used — I am told by learned counsel — as penalties for the neglect of one’s pets. I leave it at this, that it is outrageous to live in a society whose laws tolerate sending young people to life in prison because they grew, or distributed, a dozen ounces of marijuana. I would hope that the good offices of your vital profession would mobilize at least to protest such excesses of wartime zeal, the legal equivalent of a My Lai massacre. And perhaps proceed to recommend the legalization of the sale of most drugs, except to minors. 2. Ethan A. Nadelmann We turned to Mr.Nadelmann to pursue the inquiry. Formerly in the Political Science Department at Princeton, he is now the director of the Lindesmith Center, a drug-policy research institute in New York City. He is the author of Cops across Borders: The Internationalization of U. S. Criminal Law Enforcement. THE essayists assembled here do not agree exactly on which aspect of the war on drugs is most disgraceful, or on which alternative to our current policies is most desirable, but we do agree, as Mr.Buckley expected, on the following. The â€Å"war on drugs† has failed to accomplish its stated objectives, and it cannot succeed so long as we remain a free society, bound by our Constitution. Our prohibitionist approach to drug control is responsible for most of the ills commonly associated with America’s â€Å"drug problem. † And some measure of legal availability and regulation is essential if we are to reduce significantly the negative consequences of both drug use and our drug-control policies. Proponents of the war on drugs focus on one apparent success: The substantial decline during the 1980s in the number of Americans who consumed marijuana and cocaine. Yet that decline began well before the Federal Government intensified its â€Å"war on drugs† in 1986, and it succeeded principally in reducing illicit drug use among middle-class Americans, who were least likely to develop drug-related problems. Far more significant were the dramatic increases in drug- and prohibition-related disease, death, and crime. Crack cocaine — as much a creature of prohibition as 180-proof moonshine during alcohol prohibition — became the drug of choice in most inner cities. AIDS spread rapidly among injecting drug addicts, their lovers, and their children, while government policies restricted the availability of clean syringes that might have stemmed the epidemic. And prohibition-related violence reached unprecedented levels as a new generation of Al Capones competed for turf, killing not just one another but innocent bystanders, witnesses, and law-enforcement officials. There are several basic truths about drugs and drug policy which a growing number of Americans have come to acknowledge. 1. Most people can use most drugs without doing much harm to themselves or anyone else, as Mr. Buckley reminds us, citing Professor Duke. Only a tiny percentage of the 70 million Americans who have tried marijuana have gone on to have problems with that or any other drug. The same is true of the tens of millions of Americans who have used cocaine or hallucinogens. Most of those who did have a problem at one time or another don’t any more. That a few million Americans have serious problems with illicit drugs today is an issue meriting responsible national attention, but it is no reason to demonize those drugs and the people who use them. We’re unlikely to evolve toward a more effective and humane drug policy unless we begin to change the ways we think about drugs and drug control. Perspective can be had from what is truly the most pervasive drug scandal in the United States: the epidemic of undertreatment of pain. â€Å"Addiction† to (i. e. , dependence on) opiates among the terminally ill is the appropriate course of medical treatment. The only reason for the failure to prescribe adequate doses of pain-relieving opiates is the â€Å"opiaphobia† that causes doctors to ignore the medical evidence, nurses to turn away from their patients’ cries of pain, and some patients themselves to elect to suffer debilitating and demoralizing pain rather than submit to a proper dose of drugs. The tendency to put anti-drug ideology ahead of compassionate treatment of pain is apparent in another area. Thousands of Americans now smoke marijuana for purely medical reasons: among others, to ease the nausea of chemotherapy; to reduce the pain of multiple sclerosis; to alleviate the symptoms of glaucoma; to improve appetite dangerously reduced from AIDS. They use it as an effective medicine, yet they are technically regarded as criminals, and every year many are jailed. Although more than 75 per cent of Americans believe that marijuana should be available legally for medical purposes, the Federal Government refuses to legalize access or even to sponsor research. 2. Drugs are here to stay. The time has come to abandon the concept of a â€Å"drug-free society. † We need to focus on learning to live with drugs in such a way that they do the least possible harm. So far as I can ascertain, the societies that have proved most successful in minimizing drug-related harm aren’t those that have sought to banish drugs, but those that have figured out how to control and manage drug use through community discipline, including the establishment of powerful social norms. That is precisely the challenge now confronting American society regarding alcohol: How do we live with a very powerful and dangerous drug — more powerful and dangerous than many illicit drugs — that, we have learned, cannot be effectively prohibited? Virtually all Americans have used some psychoactive substance, whether caffeine or nicotine or marijuana. In many cases, the use of cocaine and heroin represents a form of self-medication against physical and emotional pain among people who do not have access to psychotherapy or Prozac. The market in illicit drugs is as great as it is in the inner cities because palliatives for pain and depression are harder to come by and because there are fewer economic opportunities that can compete with the profits of violating prohibition. 3. Prohibition is no way to run a drug policy. We learned that with alcohol during the first third of this century and we’re probably wise enough as a society not to try to repeat the mistake with nicotine. Prohibitions for kids make sense. It’s reasonable to prohibit drug-related misbehavior that endangers others, such as driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs, or smoking in enclosed spaces. But whatever its benefits in deterring some Americans from becoming drug abusers, America’s indiscriminate drug prohibition is responsible for too much crime, disease, and death to qualify as sensible policy. 4. There is a wide range of choice in drug-policy options between the free-market approach favored by Milton Friedman and Thomas Szasz, and the zero-tolerance approach of William Bennett. These options fall under the concept of harm reduction. That concept holds that drug policies need to focus on reducing crime, whether engendered by drugs or by the prohibition of drugs. And it holds that disease and death can be diminished even among people who can’t, or won’t, stop taking drugs. This pragmatic approach is followed in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Australia, and parts of Germany, Austria, Britain, and a growing number of other countries. American drug warriors like to denigrate the Dutch, but the fact remains that Dutch drug policy has been dramatically more successful than U.S. drug policy. The average age of heroin addicts in the Netherlands has been increasing for almost a decade; HIV rates among addicts are dramatically lower than in the United States; police don’t waste resources on non-disruptive drug users but, rather, focus on major dealers or petty dealers who create public nuisances. The decriminalized cannabis markets are regulated in a quasi-legal fashion far more effective and inexpensive than the U. S. equivalent. The Swiss have embarked on a national experiment of prescribing heroin to addicts. The two-year-old plan, begun in Zurich, is designed to determine whether they can reduce drug- and prohibition-related crime, disease, and death by making pharmaceutical heroin legally available to addicts at regulated clinics. The results of the experiment have been sufficiently encouraging that it is being extended to over a dozen Swiss cities. Similar experiments are being initiated by the Dutch and Australians. There are no good scientific or ethical reasons not to try a heroin-prescription experiment in the United States. Our Federal Government puts politics over science by ignoring extensive scientific evidence that sterile syringes can reduce the spread of AIDS. Connecticut permitted needle sales in drugstores in 1992, and the policy resulted in a 40 per cent decrease in needle sharing among injecting drug users, at no cost to taxpayers. We see similar foolishness when it comes to methadone. Methadone is to street heroin more or less what nicotine chewing-gum and skin patches are to cigarettes. Hundreds of studies, as well as a National Academy of Sciences report last year, have concluded that methadone is more effective than any other treatment in reducing heroin-related crime, disease, and death. In Australia and much of Europe, addicts who want to reduce or quit their heroin use can obtain a prescription for methadone from a GP and fill the prescription at a local pharmacy. In the United States, by contrast, methadone is available only at highly regulated and expensive clinics.